{"id":2394,"date":"2016-06-02T14:46:00","date_gmt":"2016-06-02T05:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/japanese\/?post_type=news&#038;p=2394"},"modified":"2022-10-10T14:53:02","modified_gmt":"2022-10-10T05:53:02","slug":"20160602_1926","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/japanese\/news\/20160602_1926\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6700\u65b0\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c \uff1a How the brain improves motor control \uff08\u904b\u52d5\u304c\u3046\u307e\u304f\u306a\u308b\u8133\u306e\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\uff09: Error signals in motor cortices drive adaptation in reaching."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-3 wp-block-columns\">\n<div class=\"wp-container-1 wp-block-column\">\n<p><strong>Adaptation in reaching \u2013 gradual improvement of motor control in response to a perturbation \u2013 is a central issue in motor neuroscience.<\/strong><br><strong>However, even the cortical origin of errors that drive adaptation has remained elusive. In a new paper published in\u00a0<em>Neuron<\/em>, Inoue, Uchimura and<a href=\"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/people\/2014291\/\">\u00a0Kitazawa\u00a0<\/a>have shown that error signals encoded by motor cortical neurons drive adaptation in reaching.<br><\/strong><br>\u25cf The premotor and primary motor cortices encoded visual error<br>in reaching.<br>\u25cf Stimulation to the motor cortices induced trial-by-trial increases<br>in reach errors.<br>\u25cf The error increased opposite to the preferred direction of errors<br>at each location.<br>\u25cf The after-effect of stimulation subsided gradually<br>as in ordinary adaptation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-container-2 wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img src=\"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/news20160602_Fig11-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The neural mechanisms of motor learning and adaptation constitute a central issue in both basic and clinical neuroscience. However, it is surprising that very little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying the motor learning and adaptation of voluntary arm movements. For example, the origin of cortical error signals that drive adaptation in reaching remains an unanswered question. A major theory in motor learning (feedback error learning) proposed by Kawato and Gomi (1992) hypothesized that error signals are provided by premotor circuits, including the motor cortical circuits. However, neuroimaging studies to date have not indicated whether motor cortices encode error signals. Preceding human imaging studies unanimously implicated parietal regions, such as areas 2, 5 and 7, in representing reaching errors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the current study, Inoue and colleagues were successful for the first time in inducing trial-by-trial \u201cadaptation\u201d in voluntary arm movements by artificial electrical stimulation of the premotor cortex (PM) or the primary motor cortex (M1). When the stimulation was terminated, the error (after-effect) did not decrease at once but recovered with practice, as observed after typical adaptation. The direction of the increase in the error was opposite to the \u201cpreferred\u201d error direction of the neuron recorded in the stimulation site. The results clearly show that the motor cortices submit error signals that drive adaptation in voluntary arm movements, as predicted by the feedback error learning scheme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The novel technique to artificially \u201cimprove\u201d a motor skill by a small amount of stimulation would be applicable to performance enhancement in athletes as well as for restoring motor control in neurological patients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Full Reference:<\/strong><br><em>\u201cError signals in motor cortices drive adaptation in reaching\u201d<\/em><br>Masato Inoue, Motoaki Uchimura, Shigeru Kitazawa (2016) Neuron,<br>Volume 90, Issue 5, p1114\u20131126, 2016<br>http:\/\/www.cell.com\/neuron\/fulltext\/S0896-6273(16)30116-7<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/japanese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/2394"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/japanese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/japanese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/news"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/japanese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}