{"id":59,"date":"2022-04-03T21:49:19","date_gmt":"2022-04-03T12:49:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/192.168.0.204\/www\/php8\/kisc\/wp_trial\/cinet_wp\/?page_id=59"},"modified":"2022-11-01T11:45:45","modified_gmt":"2022-11-01T02:45:45","slug":"advisor-of-cinet-ogawa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/english\/research\/advisor\/advisor-of-cinet-ogawa\/","title":{"rendered":"Seiji Ogawa, CiNet Advisor"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Seiji Ogawa, CiNet Advisor<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

Dr. Seiji Ogawa and his collaborators discovered the BOLD effect, the fundamental principle underlying functional magnetic resonance imaging (functional MRI; fMRI) and led one of the first studies that successfully demonstrated the viability of fMRI as a brain activity measurement technique. BOLD stands for \u201cblood oxygenation level dependent\u201d and has the effect of changing the MRI signal according to the oxygen saturation level of the blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The hemoglobin in red blood cells has different magnetic properties depending on whether it is bound to oxygen or not. In other words, the amount of hemoglobin not bound to oxygen (i.e., oxygen saturation level) changes the MRI signal inside and around blood vessels. In the late 1980s, while imaging animal brains with MRI, Dr. Ogawa observed that a thread-like low signal appeared in the brain depending on the physiological state of the animal and further noticed that the signal change originated from hemoglobin in red blood cells. Dr. Ogawa had previously employed magnetic resonance (NMR) to study the molecular structure and function of hemoglobin, and this experience led to the discovery of the BOLD effect. He was convinced that the BOLD effect could be used to measure brain activity, and in 1992, together with colleagues, he succeeded in identifying brain regions that were activated during the performance of a task using fMRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Before the discovery the BOLD effect, the primary method to measure brain activity non-invasively consisted of collecting electrical signals from the scalp using a technique called electroencephalogram (EEG). One of the drawbacks of EEG, though, is that it is difficult to precisely identify the location of the sources of the measured brain activity. In addition, although other techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) are capable of recording whole-brain activity, their use has been limited by the need to use radioisotopes. Functional MRI addresses these limitations by allowing researchers to noninvasively and repeatedly measure activity in the living brain and has played a fundamental role in advancing our understanding of human brain function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Functional MRI have been used not only to identify brain regions recruited during the performance of different tasks but also to elucidate how these regions connect to one another to form networks. It has been heavily employed in clinical applications, such as in determining target sites before an operation and in unraveling brain networks that may serve to diagnose mental disorders in the future, but also in many other fields including neuroscience, psychology, cognitive science, and social science. Functional MRI has also made significant contributions to the advancement of AI technology by means of the so-called decoding technology, a technique employed to translate human brain information into actions and labels, as well as via the collection and the sharing of large amounts of brain activity data that may serve to guide the developments of AI systems in the future. Furthermore, fMRI research has led to technological innovations such as ultra-high magnetic fields in MRI systems and improvements in image analysis technology. Dr. Ogawa has received numerous prestigious awards for his pioneering contributions, including the Japan International Prize and the Gardner International Prize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<Curriculum Vitae<\/a>><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<Honors and Awards><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1967 Eastman Kodak Award in Chemistry for PhD student<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1995 GOLD Medal Award from Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1996 Biological Physics Prize from The American Physical Society<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1997 Fellow, International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1998 Nakayama Prize from Nakayama Foundation for Human Science, Japan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1999 Asahi Prize from Asahi-Shinbun Cultural Foundation, Japan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2000 Member, Institute of Medicine (IOM) of National Academy of Sciences, USA<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2003 Japan International Prize 2003 from Japan Science Technology Foundation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2003 Gairdner International Award from Gairdner Foundation, Canada<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2004 Honorary Member, Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2004 Honorary Member, Japanese Society for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2005 Honorary Member, National Magnetic Resonance Society of India<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2005 Foreign Fellow, The National Academy of Sciences of India<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2007 ISMAR Prize from International Society of Magnetic Resonance<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2008 Honorary Doctor of Science, S. Gandi Post-graduate University for Medical, Lucknow, Science India<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2008 Olli V. Lounasmaa Memorial Prize, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2009 Named as a Thomson-Reuter Citation Laureate in Medicine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011 Linus Pauling Medal & Lectureship from Stanford University Medical School<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011 Mansfield Lecturer at ISMRM 2011 Society Meeting, Montreal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011-2015 Fellow, National Institute Radiological Sciences (NIRS) of Japan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2014 Tateishi Grand Prize, Tateishi Science and Technology Foundation, Japan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2016 Honorary Fellow, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Japan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2017 Keio Medical Science Prize<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2018 Prime Minister\u2019s Prize, The Japan Medical Research and Development Grand Prize<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2020 Distinguished Honorary Professor, Osaka University<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Seiji Ogawa, CiNet Advisor Dr. Seiji Ogawa and his collaborators discovered the BOLD effect, the fundamental p […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2401,"menu_order":122,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1829,"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59\/revisions\/1829"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2401"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinetjp-static3.nict.go.jp\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}